The Politics of Representation Social Work Lessons From...

The Politics of Representation: Social Work Lessons From the Advocacy Planning Movement In urban plannings new political awareness, representation became a social responsibility issue. This new understanding of politics and social responsibility in urban planning may have brought boundary interaction between planners and other professions, such as social work†¦ Introduction In his 1995 article, Andrew Abbott explores his evolving conception of the social work profession. As we approach the new millennium, Abbotts conception becomes strikingly relevant. In brief review, Abbotts first notion posits that social work is a profession of interstitiality. In this context, social workers translate and mediate between collogues in†¦show more content†¦Although he suggests both volatility and vulnerability for the social work profession, he downplays the significance - saying that social work is not unique in this regard. Abbotts final assertion is that while social workers are engaged along multi-professional boarders, social work has historically lacked a professional purity. Abbotts review of social work professions past is useful, but where can it lead the social work profession in the future? If the profession is pushing for purity, will it lose members to neighboring professions, as suggested in Abbotts notions of evolving boundaries? How have these evolving boundaries affected other professions and what lessons can the social work profession learn? Reviewing the advocacy planning movement in the modern American urban planning profession, beginning in the early 1960s, can provide useful perspectives of Abbotts theme of intraprofessional and interprofessional relations. In this movement, we see a highly technical (pure) profession of physical planning become aware of the inherently political nature of its work. In particular, the planning professions notion of the common good was challenged. As Martin Wachs (1985, p. 55) quotes Norton Long, The question is not whether planning will reflect politics, but whose politics will itShow MoreRelatedNstp Handouts13038 Words   |  53 Pagesthereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military or civil service. †¢ What are the goals of the State from among the youth in nation building? In recognizing the vital role of the youth in nation building, the state shall promote their civic-consciousness and develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. †¢ What shouldRead MoreEssay on Culture of Poverty5571 Words   |  23 Pagescommunities, but their passion lies disproportionately with people who do not have adequate personal resources to meet their needs or with communities with large populations of people who need assistance. 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Introduction Of all student populations (aside from participants in Special Education programs)Read MoreProshika Ngo12465 Words   |  50 Pages(60% of all households are landless), endemic malnutrition (83% of all children below the age of five are malnourished) and massive unemployment (covering 30% of the estimated labor force of 36 million). The NGO scene in Bangladesh is very different from other countries. Several of these organizations have become very large, very professional, and theyve become a model for others. Bangladesh, one of the poorest countries in the world and the last place you would have expected this to happen, has reallyRead MoreHistory of Management Thought Revision17812 Words   |  72 PagesPart Two The Scientific Management Era The purpose of Part Two is to begin with the work of Frederick W. Taylor and trace developments in management thought in Great Britain, Europe, Japan, and the U.S.A. up to about 1929. 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The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small-scale change projects; ignored organizational power and politics; and was top-down and management-driven. This article seeks to re-appraise Lewin’s work and challengeRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 PagesOhio Wesleyan Writing Center Founded University Promoting1955 as a hallmark of liberal arts education writing Writing Guidelines Statements of Purpose From the OWU Writing Center in the Sagan Academic Resource Center The OWU Writing Center Corns 316 ââ€" ª (740-368-3925) ââ€" ª http://writing.owu.edu ââ€" ª open Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 Writing Guidelines for Statements of Purpose Contents Writing Your Statement of Purpose ..........Read MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesVIEW Strategic Human Resource Management Taken from: Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that

The Abuse Of Steroids Is Synthetic Materials Of The Male...

Christiana Richardson Moe 1st Period AP Lang 11 November, 2015 The Abuse of Steroids Steroids are synthetic materials of the male sex chromosome, testosterone, that lead to addiction, mental abuse and physical harm. They are banned by many sports leagues, but some athletes do not take that into consideration. Many athletes use steroids illegally, for a multiple of reasons. Athletes use steroids in order to gain better physical body shape and game play. In reality they are only cheating the game and themselves, slowly breaking their bodies down. The steroid use has greatly increased from the past. An M.D named Dan Gwartney announces, â€Å"Currently, body builders are using much higher doses of anabolic steroids†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦body builders do not go ‘off-cycle’ at all.†(Gwartney), which adds even more risk to the human body because of the higher and more frequent use rate. Our bodies are not made to take in that much extra testosterone, but the increased want of money in America has now taken over a multiple of people to choose th e looks and money over their own personal health. There are different types of steroids, all having negative effects, but the most commonly used and known steroid is an anabolic androgenic steroid. The effects of steroids vary from a man to a woman. For example, men begin to have the reduction of sperm, damage to the heart and the liver, pain while urinating, breast development, and a reduction to their testicles. Women begin to lose their breast, growShow MoreRelatedSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 PagesScience For Living Notes (Compiled) Table of Contents Unit 1 Measurement 5-10 Unit 2 Matter 11-48 Unit 3 Basic materials for maintaining life Air 49-54 Water 55-68 Food 69-71 Other biomolecules of life 72-76 Unit 4 Energy in the Community Electricity 77-78 Heat 78-81 Light 82-91 Sound 92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Read MoreSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesis when cells have specialized functions C. Reproduction – Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement – Organisms are capable of movement a. Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through environment E. Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction and movement. Refers to all chemical operations under way

Functional Proteomics

Questions: 1. Describe a proteomics experiment that you think would be interesting to perform in our weeklong practical session?2.Suggest a follow-up experiment you could do to confirm your results?3.Why should you buy a mass spectrometer for your proteomics laboratory?4.What important things you learned from your practical class?5.Explain how you would design an experiment to decide whether the new enzyme is a Histidine-specific protease? Answers: 1. The well-established method to investigate proteomics is mass spectrometry. There are also several strategies present which can conduct proteomic research. A few years ago proteomics was mainly a qualitative discipline. The proteomic experiment characteristically involved identification of proteins as many as possible in a particular protein complex, tissue lysate, organelle and cell. While obtaining the protein identities from any type of protein mixture an enzymatic digestion step is normally involved which ultimately yields a large collection of proteolytic peptides that are analyzed by shotgun proteomics. This technique can be incorporated in the proteomics experiment and it would be interesting to perform. 2. After performing 2-DE and mass spectrometry to examine differential protein expression between the two strains of Giardia with different types of virulence phenotypes, a Quantitative PCR can be performed as a follow up experiment to confirm the results. In Quantitative PCR total RNA was isolated from the batch culture of the Giardia sp. Then reverse transcription (RT) was carried out with a reaction mixture which contain 5g total RNA, 0.25mM deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), 50 nM of RT primer, 0.75 U/l reverse transcriptase enzyme, 0.05 M DTT and 0.2 U/l RNase Out. After this an incubation of the RT reaction mixture at 50C was done for 30 min, and then the reaction stopped at 70C for 15 min. 3. If I had funding to buy mass spectrometer while establishing a proteomics laboratory I will buy a mass spectrometer because mass spectrometry is an exceedingly specific and sensitive analytical technique that can be used to determine precisely the quantities and identities of the compounds that are present in the sample. In comparison to many traditional technologies mass spectrometry delivers analytical more sensitive result and is very rapid and fast less time taking process. This is the reason that mass spectrometry has a variety of application in pharmaceutical and clinical laboratories. 4. The most important thing that I have learned in my practical class is in spite of a well conserved and core sequence of the genes there still remains very significant variation in the genome of the Giardia isolates. These variations can be observed in gene content, structural chromosomal variations, gene polymorphisms, and repertoires of the surface molecule. From this practical class the annotation of the Giardia genome has become clear and improved in according to me and this practical session also enabled the identification of the functionally important variation of the Giardia genome. 5. Histidine-specific protease is an enzyme which cleaves the peptide bonds present in the proteins in which the histidine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the active cite of the protein. So to find out whether it is a worth to buy the Histidine-specific protease or not we can use it against a protein which contain the histidine amino acid. Then the enzyme will cleave the peptide bond as a result of that the N- terminus of the protein bond will react with the hydrogen of the water molecules and the C-terminus will become free which will have a huge impact over different physiological process like blood coagulation, immune response and digestion.

Marketing Plan †The Body Shop

Executive Summary This paper focuses on the marketing strategies that can be applied to The Body Shop’s business practices in Saudi Arabia. The cosmetic market of Saudi Arabia has the highest growth potential as compare to any other Middle Eastern market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan – The Body Shop specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Saudi Arabia has become the largest consumer of cosmetic products in the region and ranks among top ten cosmetic consumers among rest of the world. The cosmetic consumption in Saudi Arabia was $ 2.4 billion in 2009 with a CAGR of 11% same year (Allam, 2010). Introduction A marketing plan helps an organization to foresee the future requirements of promoting and marketing their products through the value chain activities, till the consumer purchased and consumed products of that organization. In this marketing plan, Body Shop is evaluating the cosmetic ma rket and its environment in Saudi Arabia. Body Shop The Body Shop plc is a U.K based cosmetic giant with over 2500 franchises in 60 countries and a diversified workforce of 25000. The cosmetic giant satisfies a customer base of nearly 3 million with its organic, purely natural and ethical cosmetic products. These highly valued and premium products earn revenues of around $ 4.74 billion with a retail sales volume of nearly $14 billion. The Body Shop grows with a phenomenal growth rate of 4.5% in each year (The Body Shop, 2011). Segmentation Target of Body Shop in the Saudi Arabian Market In Saudi Arabia, Body Shop is going to target the male and female belonging to all age groups. The reason for targeting all age groups is that Saudi Arabians do not consider their age when it comes to looking beautiful, young and energetic. Especial emphasis will be paid to the younger population as the large portion of Saudi Arabia’s population consists of younger population. The cosmetic pr oducts offered by Body Shop will be beneficial for every segment of the market. Reason is that Body Shop designs its marketing strategy, keeping in view the niche sectors of the market. Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1 Segment Attractiveness Positioning Body Shop’s Products Body Shop will use its products made from natural ingredients and plants, to position itself as a nature friendly organizations. Body Shop has already established itself as a powerful cosmetic brand and has a positive perception in consumer’s mind regarding its concerns for greener business practices. As this is evident from market researches that cosmetic consumers in Saudi Arabia prefer product quality and natural ingredients been used in the product, Body Shop will have to highlight the ingredients and perception about their product in rest of the world, in their promotional eff orts. Marketing Research The primary focus of the marketing research technique adopted by The Body Shop in the Saudi Cosmetic market is to thoroughly understand the requirements and demand of this market and then reviewing Body Shop’s product range and making suitable modifications as to suit the Saudi cosmetic market’s requirements. This research aims at attracting and building the likelihood of at least 45% target segment, to buy The Body Shop’s products. For the sake of conducting research on the potential and weaknesses in Saudi cosmetic market, The Body Shop is going to use Online and observational research methodology (Perner, 2010). An internet survey regarding cosmetic and beauty care products will be conducted and the researchers will combine data regarding the perspective of Saudi cosmetic consumers to the cosmetic products and different brands they are aware of. Observational technique will be used for the purchasing behavior of Saudi cosmetic consume rs at stores, shopping malls and hypermarkets. Marketing Objective Through its marketing efforts, The Body Shop in Saudi Arabia wants to create awareness of the core brands and specifically designed organic beauty care range through targeted channels such that at least 70% of the target segment gets aware of these products and the differentiated values of the Body Shop.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan – The Body Shop specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another goal, that the marketing strategy in Saudi Arabia is set to achieve, is build brand loyalty among at least 20% of the target segment and make them repeatedly purchase Body Shop products (Arens, 2006). Situation Analysis PEST analysis will assist in determining the possible problems that Body Shop will have to face in Saudi Arabian cosmetic market. Political Influence Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country where rules and regulations are very strict for cosmetic consumers. Wearing makeup is considered to be unethical at public places in Saudi Arabia in the light of Islamic laws. Wearing cosmetic and usage of fragrance is considered to be an act of attracting opposite sex. Economic Influence The economy of Saudi Arabia has flourished over the years due to the richness in oil and gold reserves. Saudi Arabia basically depends upon its oil exports. Social Influences Saudi Arabian cosmetic industry is at maturity level as make up has become an integral part of Saudi women and men’s daily life. Saudi cosmetic consumers are willing to pay any amount to buy cosmetic products. The entrance of foreign cosmetic giants has escalated this desire in Saudi Arabian cosmetic consumers to buy quality cosmetic products. The increasing competition in the cosmetic industry has lead to a situation, where the Saudi cosmetic consumers become more brand conscious now. Technology Factor Body shop will have to outsource its technological as sets from outer world or from its nearly located subsidiary, to satisfy its businesses’ requirements in Saudi Arabia. Most of the population of Saudi Arabia consists of young people and a sustained middle-class.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internet usage and other means of information are easily accessible by the people, but there are restrictions on the type and quality of content that advertisers can show over Television or internet. This will somehow, facilitate Body Shop’s promotional efforts, but the company will have to design these promotional campaigns within the limits defined by law in Saudi Arabia. SWOT Analysis To counter these problems, Body Shop does possess strengths that will help them to succeed in the lucrative Iranian cosmetic market. A SWOT analysis will help us to highlight they key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to Body Shop in Iran. Strengths The financials and the brand image all over the world will also help The Body Shop to successfully enter and flourish in the Saudi cosmetic market. The wide variety available in Body Shop’s product line will catch the eyes of Saudi Arabia’s mature cosmetic market (The Body Shop, 2011). Merger with L’Oreal will add more attraction to the market image of Body Shop (Roddick, 2006), as L’Oreal is an established and famous brand. Since this merger, Body Shop has experienced immense growth in company’s sales over the years. Body Shop’s strong and powerful social image and customer oriented social marketing strategies will help it to survive in the strict business environment of Saudi Arabia. Use of animal extracts is also prohibited in cosmetic products in Saudi Arabia, so Body Shop’s products will have good chances of success, as they are prepared from natural and organic ingredients. The company will also need to address its concerns for the environment and the reflection of these concerns in the ecological manufacturing of their products. The awareness level among the target market about the eco friendly products and the benefits of organic ingredients in cosmetic products will also help The Body Shop to uplift its market image in the Saudi cosmetic market. Figu re 2 Profit and Loss for the first three years Weaknesses Imitations and second copies of Body Shop’s products are widely available in the Saudi Arabian market, which damage the company’s image and the standards of quality it has maintained. There are number of other major players in Saudi cosmetic industry offering same products as the Body Shop, so the Body Shop will have to bring differentiated products in the market. Figure 3 Competitors And their Market Share Opportunities As the large portion of Saudi Arabia’s population is young and they use cosmetic heavily, it will be an opportunity for Body Shop to enter the market and grab the attraction of the younger population of Saudi Arabia. As the usage of cosmetic is increasing among males, Body Shop will have a chance to capture market share of male customers, because Body Shop offers a wide range of products that are especially produced for men. Day by day changing fashion trends and the exposure of custo mers to media has escalated the desire in male and female consumers in the target market, for looking fashionable and attractive. Due to the increasing demand of cosmetic products in Saudi Arabia, it is expected that the purchasing of these products is going to get doubled in coming years. Threats The availability of sub standard copies of cosmetic product in black markets also affects original product’s image. The organic ingredients that The Body Shop uses in the production of its cosmetic and beauty care range are scarcely available in the world and they are considered to be a finite resource. Marketing Mix Marketing mix of a company helps in understand that organization’s pricing, promotional and placement strategies and what products company is offering (Mind Tools, 2011). In the coming lines, a brief understanding of Body Shop’s marketing mix in Iran will be carried out. Products The body shop is going to offer a wide range of cosmetics, beauty care, pe rfumes and deodorants, facial skin care products, hair care products, scrubs, body butters, toners, cleansers, foot care products, sun screen creams and bath and body care products in Saudi Arabia. Overall, body shop is going to offer its 900 organic products made of natural extracts and ingredients like olive oil, aloe-vera extracts, rose water, jojoba oil and other herbs. These products will be targeting both men and women segment of Iran’s cosmetic market. Also, the Body Shop will launch featured products for its customers in Iran. Pricing Strategy Body Shop will place price tags on its products in Saudi Arabia that suits customers of every income groups. Large portion of Saudi Arabia’s population belong to elite class who do not consider prices while buying out luxurious goods, so expensive beauty care products will also be an integral part of Body Shop’s offerings in Saudi Arabia. As it is clear in today’s market environment that customers demand mor e from a product as compare to the price they are paying for a product. To meet customers’ demand at cheaper costs, Body Shop will modify the packaging of its products with a combination of improved ingredients and product formulas and compact sales outlet (Alexander, 2005). Placement of Products The Body Shop’s sales strategy is designed in accordance with B2C business model in which the seller interacts directly with the customer. This enables the company to provide products according to customer’s requirement. The outlets will be designed, keeping in view the traditional naturalistic impact that customers perceive when they enter into a Body Shop outlet. Besides its franchises, the Body Shop will also set up an online store where customers can order their products and get it at their doorstep within 3 days. Promotional Tactics The usage of satellite or cable TV in Saudi household has increased. Arabic is the official language of the country and not many peopl e in Saudi Arabia are familiar with English. This is the reason that target audience in Saudi Arabia prefers TV channels that use Arabic as language of programs and advertisements. There are number of Arabic language TV channels that are being on aired from foreign countries, especially United States. Keeping in view the Islamic laws, Body Shop will prepare advertisements that will match the taste, values and cultural factors of Saudi target audience. Beside TV advertisement, Internet is also an affective medium of communicating the target audience with the help of advertisements. Internet usage has increased and people have easy access to internet. Beside web sites and pop-up advertisements, social networking sites have also grown to be a useful medium for advertisement. Saudi Arabian print media is also considered to be mature and marketers use newspapers and magazines to promote their products. Body Shop will use Saudi Arabia’s leading newspapers and fashion magazines to p romote its products and offers. List of References Alexander, A., 2005. Cosmetics Makers put a new face on competitive pricing strategies. Web. Allam, A., 2010. Saudi women among world’s biggest consumers of beauty products. Web. Arens, W., 2006. Contemporary advertising. New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Mind Tools, 2011. The marketing mix and 4 Ps. Web. Perner, L., 2010. Consumer behavior: The psychology of marketing. Web. Roddick, A., 2006. Every body grows stronger. Web. The Body Shop, 2011. Our company. Web. This report on Marketing Plan – The Body Shop was written and submitted by user Senator Bail to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hackers, Good Or Evil Essays - Hacker, Hacking,

Hackers, Good Or Evil Imagine this, you are driving along the road and suddenly you see something spectacular. Now imagine that you are not allowed to deviate from your course to check it out. This is what a so-called ?hacker? faces. Just imagine that you saw an injured person on the side of the road. In this analogy you are not allowed to help the injured person. A hacker is not allowed to explore like everyone else in the world. A hacker is not allowed to help fix potential security holes. The term hacker can have many meanings. The most visible to the public is the person pirating software, and breaking into corporate networks and destroying information. This is the public misconception of a hacker. Back in the Unix days, a hack was simply a quick and dirty way of doing something. Hackers in those days were basically just computer experts. Nowadays hacker means the same thing as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicious hackers. The media, of course, never prints the good things hackers do. Most hackers provide a service to companies, by letting the company know about security holes, before a rival exploits it. Most hackers want nothing more than to simply learn. A hacker has an extreme thirst for knowledge, but not in the traditional subjects. Technology, and anything new interest hackers. In fact most security experts start out but learning and ?hacking?. The bad view of hackers is not completely false. There are hackers out there that will do there best to harm any system hey can, but most want nothing more than to find the beauty in system, or network. To hackers vast networks, and the inside of a firewall that was meant to keep them out, are the most beautiful sights on Earth. In every aspect of life there are people who exploit others. Murders, robbers, or any other criminals come from every walk of life. Even hackers have some, but like the general population, it is a small percentage. Most people would call the whole Linux community hackers, because anyone who has the knowledge to run Unix must be a hacker. This show what good hackers can do. The entire Unix GNU community is run by hackers. They all contribute toward a free operating system. They all work out the bugs, and then distribute it for free. Hackers got tired of paying for an OS that did not work well. So they all worked together Today Linux is one of the fastest growing OS's on the planet. Many would say that Linux is buggy simply because its free, but it's made by the same people who can get into any computer, or write any program to fit their needs. All Hackers are not good, but then again, all people are not good. In any case, the hacker community as a whole, has done many things for end uses. First of all they help companies make they transactions securer. Second they help develop new code, and help work the bugs out of old code. And lastly, all hackers really want to do is learn. Even if it means ?breaking in to? a computer. Most hackers break in simply to learn. Very few will touch any data. A hackers goal is for the systems administator to never even know that the hacker was in the system in the first place. The Hacker's Manifesto by the Mentor, is a classic example of how hackers feel that the rest of the world does not understand us. It shows how hackers were once shunned from society and created their own underground society. In fact 2600 Magazine has been published since the early eighties. Many articles are in this magazine about how hackers are merely misunderstood. This is the most famous article: Hackers Manifesto Another one got caught today, it's all over the papers. Teenager Arrested in Computer Crime Scandal, Hacker Arrested after Bank Tampering... Damn kids. They're all alike. But did you, in your three-piece psychology and 1950's technobrain, Ever take a look behind the eyes of the hacker? Did you ever wonder what made him tick, What forces shaped him, what may have molded him? I am a hacker, enter my world... Mine is a world that begins with school... I'm

Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey

Thermodynamics and the Cooking of a Turkey Turkeys are native to North America, called Indian fowls in some writings of the 1500s. Around 1519, ships began transporting turkeys back to Spain, thus beginning its migration to Europe. American Benjamin Franklin advocated the turkey as the national bird. The turkey became prominent in Europe in the 1800s during the holiday season, replacing the goose as the most popular Christmas bird in the latter part of the century. In 1851, Queen Victoria had a turkey in place of her standard Christmas swan. The Make-Up of a Turkey At the biochemical level, a turkey is a combination of approximately 3 parts water to one part fat and one part protein. The majority of meat comes from muscle fibers in the turkey, which are mostly proteins- notably myosin and actin. Because turkeys rarely fly but rather walk, they contain far more fat in their legs than in their breast, which results in the strong differences in texture between these sections of the bird and the difficulty in making sure that all portions of the bird are properly heated. The Science of Cooking a Turkey As you cook the turkey, muscle fibers contract until they begin to break up at around 180 F. Bonds within the molecules begin to break down, causing proteins to unravel, and the dense muscle meat to become more tender. Collagen in the bird (one of three protein fibers that attaches muscles to the bone) breaks down into softer gelatin molecules as it unwinds. The dryness of a turkey is a result of muscle proteins coagulating within the meat, which can result if it is cooked too long. Temperature Differentials Part of the problem, as described above, is that the different nature of the light and dark meat in a turkey result in different rates to reach the coagulation of the muscle proteins. If you cook it too long, the breast meat has coagulated; if you dont cook the bird long enough, the dark meat is still tough and chewy. Harold McGee, a food science writer, indicates aiming for 155 to 160 F in the breast (which concurs with the overall temperature indicated by Roger Highfield), but you want 180 degrees or above in the leg (a distinction Highfield does not address). Heating Differentials Since you ultimately want the breast and legs to be different temperatures, the question is how to successfully accomplish this. McGree presents one option, by using ice packs to keep the breast of the bird about 20 degrees lower than the legs while thawing, so that the legs get a heat start on the cooking process when theyre put in the oven. Alton Brown, of Food Networks Good Eats, once presented another way to establish different heating rates, using aluminum foil to reflect heat away from the breast, thus resulting in the legs heating faster than the breast. His current roast turkey recipe on the Food Network website does not include this step, but if you watch the related videos, it shows the steps involved in using the aluminum foil. Cooking Thermodynamics Based on thermodynamics, it is possible to make some estimations of cooking time for a turkey. Considering the following estimations, it becomes fairly straightforward: Assume the oven maintains a constant temperature throughout.Assume the thermal diffusivity is independent of temperature and time.Assume the turkey is so plump that it can be estimated as a sphere. You can then apply the principles of Carlaw Jaegers 1947 Conduction of Heat in Solids to come up with an estimate for the cooking time. The radius of the hypothetical spherical turkey falls out, resulting in a formula based solely on mass. Traditional Cooking Times Small bird - twenty minutes per pound 20 minutesLarge bird - fifteen minutes per pound 15 minutes It would appear that these traditional cooking times work well in conjunction with the thermodynamic calculations provided, which give the time as being proportional to the mass to the power of two-thirds. Panofsky Turkey Constant Pief Panofsky, former SLAC Director, derived an equation to attempt to more precisely determine the cooking time of a turkey. His problem is that he disliked the traditional suggestion of 30 minutes per pound, because the time a turkey should be cooked is not a linear equation. He used t to represent the cooking time in hours and W as the weight of the stuffed turkey, in pounds, and determined the following equation for the amount of time the turkey should be cooked at 325 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the report, the constant value 1.5 was determined empirically. Heres the equation: t W (2/3)/1.5 Particle Accelerators Create Shrink Wrap The plastic shrink wrap that turkeys (specifically Butterball turkeys) come in may also have an amazing connection to particle physics. According to Symmetry magazine, some of these forms of shrink wrap are actually created by a particle accelerator. Particle accelerators use electron beams to knock hydrogen atoms off of the polymer chains within the polyethylene plastic, making it chemically active in just the right way so that when heat is applied it shrinks around the turkey. Theres a bit more detail provided in the Symmetry article on the subject. Sources and Further Reading Thermodynamics OverviewThe Physics of Christmas by Roger HighfieldSymmetry Breaking blog - The Panofsky turkey constantPhysics Talks Turkey This ThanksgivingSymmetry magazine - Accelerator applications: shrink wrapFood Network - Good Eats Roasted Turkey recipeCocktail Party Physics blog - A Taste of Science for Turkey DaySymmetry Breaking blog - Physicists talk turkey

The growth diagnostic on Tunisia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The growth diagnostic on Tunisia - Assignment Example In the end of 1987, Bourguiba was replaced by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali as the president, he had a smooth time in his government until December 2010 when nationwide protests started over the issues of high rate of unemployment, corruption by the government officials, increasing poverty and increased prices of edibles and fruits and this protest aggravated in jan’2011 which resulted in the killing of hundreds of people. Ben Ali dismissed the government on 14th January 2011 and he left the country on the same day and by the end of Jan’2011, the Prime Minister of the country announced that a National Unity Government will be formed and he announced Fouad M’Bazaa as the president of Tunisia for the interim period. Geography: It is situated in Northern Africa and it is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea and it is present between Algeria and Libya. On the world map, its geographical coordinates are 34 00 N, 9 00 E. total area of Tunisia is about 163,610 square kilometer s which is comparatively larger than Georgia. It shares international boundaries with Libya and Algeria and the span of these boundaries is 459 km and 965 km respectively. Its Coastline spans about 1,148km. Climate of Tunisia is quite variable as in the northern region of the country, the winters are mild and rainy but the summers are dry and warm and in the southern region of the country, there is desert. Tunisia is a blend of hilly regions in the north and there are hot and dry plains and also the semiarid area of southern region of the country which joins the Sahara Desert. Tunisia has a lots of natural resources including petroleum, phosphates and metals like iron ore, lead and zinc. About 17% of the land of this country is used for agricultural proposes. The disposal of toxic and waste material is ineffective and poses a serious risk to the health of the community living in there. Other potential natural hazards include the pollution of the drinking water with the sewage and th ere are limited amount of fresh water reservoirs, there is a trend towards increase deforestation as well as soil erosion which results into the desertification of the country. Tunisia holds the strategic location in the central portion of the Mediterranean; nowadays, Malta and Tunisia are having mutual talks to make use of the continental shelf between the two countries especially for the exploration of natural resources like Oil. People of Tunisia: The population of Tunisia will be about 10.6 Million in July 2011 and it is 78th biggest country population wise of the world. About 70% of this population is of the productive age i.e. from 15-64 years, the population growth rate of the country will be 0.978% in 2011. The birth rate is 17.4 births/1,000 population and the death rate is 5.83 deaths per 1000 population. Urban population constitutes about 67% of the total population with 1.5% annual rate of urbanization, the major city of Tunisia is its Capital that is Tunis and its popul ation was about 759,000 in 2009. Infant mortality rate of Tunisia is around 26 deaths among every 1000 live births and the life expectancy at birth is about 75 years. As AIDS is quite a prevalent disease in Africa so for information proposes the adult prevalence of AIDS is less than 0.1% in 2009 and the total number of AIDS patients in Tunisia are about